Effectiveness of Oxygen Therapy for Cardiac Problems

Effectiveness of Oxygen Therapy for Cardiac Problems Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen at a higher concentration than that of ambientair. The main intention of this process is to either treat or prevent the symptoms and manifestations of hypoxia. Oxygen therapy decreasesthe work of breathing by increasing alveolar oxygen tension. As an essential part of clinical practice, oxygen therapy is widely used in cardiac care. Despite all thiswide uses of this therapy have been criticalin cardiac care. Studies have provedthat excessive use of oxygen, results incritical conditionsinthe areas that it is applied. This essay aims at examining the concentration required, different conditions, where it could be needed and the effects of use of high concentration oxygen for the client with chest pain. When there is airway obstruction as a result of cardiac effects such as asthma, pneumonia, breathing system of the client becomes complicated. This client can only breathewhen the oxygen level climbs above a setlevel. This will maintain functional ability and at the same time minimize the chest pain, which may have been caused by breathing problem. It is very important to note that there are several causes or condition that may arise to chest pain(FritzFaber, 2012). The different approachesproposed, suggestthat these statementsandsolutions do not conform withthe available evidence in the cardiac care. Also, inthe treatmentof a patient with cardiacproblems, the main issueto be consideredis the balance ofevidence for both the safety andefficiency of oxygen administrationin cardiac care. Arterial oxygen tension is one of thesigns todeterminant coronary artery tone. Slightincrementin arterial oxygen reducescoronary flow irrespective of priorsaturation(Atar, 2010). The human study of patientswith cardiac problems hyperoxia from concentrated oxygentherapy reducescoronary blood flow(Atar, 2010). Administering oxygen therapyto patients with myocardial infarction, oxygen therapy canreduce cardiac outputvolumes, and blood pressure and vascular resistance(Atar, 2010). Thereevidencein determiningsafety and efficiency ofoxygenadministration in cardiac care. The evidence supportsuseofoxygentherapyin minormyocardial infection resultsinincreaseddeath rates tothe patients. Research has approved that resuscitation from cardiac arrest; administration of high oxygenresults in hypoxia. Thisis directly associatedwith more deaths to patients incomparison to either normoxia or hypoxiaproblems. Continuoususe of oxygen therapy in cardiac careis harmful to the patient of cardiac problem and this approach is not the best. It is recommended that, the administration of oxygentherapyshould be at the level of 96% to keepstandardizedsaturation(BerstenSoni, 2009). Also, oxygen needbe administeredfordefinitecardiac cares, in which benefit of oxygen therapyoutweighs the risks it may impose to the patient. Healthcare professionals should take into account that the method, doseand delivery periodis clearly speltand patient’s reaction to oxygenadministration is thoroughly monitored (FritzFaber, 2012). Since oxygen is a drug, its administration requires a medical order. Each of the episodes of oxygen delivery should be ordered on the medicationchart either as on-going or one-off treatment. There are some conditionsthat should be examined before the nurse initiatesoxygen. First, the nurse should realize that the patient hasbreached expected normal parameter of oxygen saturation, also a medical review is required within thirty minutesand then at the time of the medical review, the right prescription of oxygen should be written. Before the selection of the delivery method, caregiversshould check at the individual flow meter for where to read the ball when setting the flow rate (Straface et al. , 2008). Some of the flow metersmay register greater than the maximum flow indicated in the meter in the case of the ball being set above the highest amount(Hunt, 1999). The nurse is required to use caution when adjusting the flow meter. All of the high concentration or delivery requires humidif ication. The selection ofthehumidification will depend on the oxygen delivery system in use. It should be noted that, air entrainment devices are not effective when it comes to delivering FiO2that is greater than 50%. Administration of high concentration of oxygen to clients with chest pain may worsen the pain, when breathing elevated pressure of oxygen is extended for a longer period(Myers et. al. , 2008). There has been a growing debate and concern on the administration of high oxygen concentration to those clients with chestpain(FreyShann, 2003). Traditionally, for over a decade, patients who complained of chest pain were instantly administered high flow of oxygen, this process initially started when medics realized that oxygen would ease myocardial ischaemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Also, highoxygen concentrationmay cause atelectasis. The alveolirelies onnitrogen topreservesurfactantcreationand alveolarpower. The high concentrationof oxygen, when administered may wash out nitrogen and leave the alveoli susceptible to a lack of gas asthegas diffuses to blood(Shekhar et. al. , 2010). It is important to note that; high oxygen concentration to thosepatients with cardiac problems, do not yield much advantage. Thispractice quickly became a routine in patients presenting with acute chestpain(Robyn and Coffee, 2012). Recently there has been a report indicating that harmful effects of high flow of oxygen in ACS patients where the patient may not be hypoxic. High flow of oxygen has previously been associated witha reductionof cardiac output, attribute to arterial vasoconstriction and also it increases systemic vascular resistance. Inmorerecent evidence, systematic review shows that the routine use of high concentration on chest painmay lead to greater infarct size increasing the risks of mortality. From a physiological perspective, treatment of ACS’ patientswith oxygen seems reasonable. For apatient suffering from ACS, there isalack of myocardial perfusionsand less oxygenation of the myocardium. In thiscontext, itseems logical to increase the oxygenation of the blood. Thistreatment is not well thought and can lead topatient harm, if not well monitored. The bottom line is that, the drug that is often usedcan cause harm if it is given without a good reason, when there isless saturationof oxygenin apatient’s blood, oxygen cannot help them with shortness of breath, and it may hurt them instead. The same idea holds truefor the neonates and any ofpatients with ongoing tissue injury from MI, stroke or trauma it is true that oxygen can be badwhen not wellmonitoredin administration (Myers et. Al. , 2008). The hemodynamic effect of high flow of oxygen in the myocardial was explored bygroups to improve on the cardiac care. The cardiovascular response to high concentration of oxygen was primarily attributed to arterial vasoconstriction; this has been demonstrated in retinal blood vessels. This method was also thought to be the reason behind the reduction in renal blood flowofcerebral blood flowwith oxygen therapy. Research has demonstrated that high concentrationof oxygen cannot increase itstransport inpatients with arterial oxygen saturation to a level of less than 90%. This is explainedbythe notionthat the reduction in cardiacoutput in excess leads toincreases in oxygen content. In patients with arterial oxygen saturation of less of 90%, this shows that oxygen administration increased oxygen transportation(CampbellSilver, 1998). This is due to both increased cardiac output and oxygen content. In therecent years, researchers have providedclearand direct evidence that the administration of high flow oxygen reduces coronaryartery blood flowfor the stable patient with ischaemic heart effect. This evidence wasprovided over a decade ago, and this has been confirmedthe method of high oxygen concentration may change, but the effects of oxygen on the cardiac care remainthe same. In conclusion, it is important to note that it is not clear whether routine administration of oxygen in patients’ with cardiac problemsin relation to chest pain has all the positive impacts on the outcome(Hunt, 1999). This systematic review challenges the status quo predicted by the international guidelines on the treatment of the chest pain caused by cardiac problems. The argument of reduced mortality due to administration of concentrated oxygen topatients with cardiac problem is disturbing. There is no need to administer a method of treatment on a patient in which the negative impacts outweighs the gain. The different approaches in tackling this major problemofchest paingives a clear evidence and explanationofthe conditions in which a patient is to be administered with concentrated oxygen. Before any treatment is done forpatientswith chest pain, caregiversshould try to understand the cause of the pain(CampbellSilver, 1998). For example, the pleuritic pain is triggeredby ches t movement and it is severe during coughing. Splinting the chest wall will help in reducing the discomfort of coughing. Cardiac care is involved with a lot of approaches that need to be looked at before treatment is undertaken. References Frey, B. , Shann, F. (2003). Oxygen administration in infants. Archives of Disease 2in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 88, F84 F88. Bersten, A. Soni, N. (Eds). (2009). Ohs Intensive Care Manual 6th Edition. China: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier Campbell, E. ; Baker, D. , Crites-Silver, P. (1998) Subjective Effects of Humidification of oxygen for delivery by nasal cannula ChestVol 93: 2 289 – 293 Shekhar, R. , N. Garg, A. Chockalingam, A. Tharakan, and A. Senthilkumar. (2010)A Young Adult With Atypical Chest Pain. Chest138. 4 MeetingAbstracts: 95A-95A. Print Beyar, R. (2009)Acute Cardiac Care-From Symptoms to Diagnosis and to Interventions. Acute cardiac care11. 3: 129-130. Print. Clark, R. A. , Neil, C. (2012):Can the Cardiac ARIA Index Improve Cardiac Care for Australias Indigenous Population?. Journal of Cardiac Failure18. 8:S89-S90. Print. Hunt, J. m. (1999):Cardiac sugical patients’ expectations and experiences of nursing care in the intensive care unit. Australian Critical care12. 2:79. Print. Fritz, A. , Faber, P. (2012). Chronic cardiac chest pain. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care Pain, 12(6), 302-306. Straface, A. L. , Myers, J. H. , Kirchick, H. J. , Blick, K. E. (2008). A Rapid Point-of-Care Cardiac Marker Testing Strategy Facilitates the Rapid Diagnosis and Management of Chest Pain Patients in the Emergency Department. American journal of clinical pathology, 129(5), 788-795. Atar D. (2010)Should oxygen be given inmyocardial infarction? BMJ; 340: c3287.

Jose Rizal Essay

Many of us know already who Dr. Jose Rizal is. A national hero, a genius, a writer, a scientist and a doctor, these are the first thing that comes to our mind. He is a man with many accomplishments. All his writings and works are still recognized in the whole world. Through reading this paper, you could find out how his life has gone to many challenges and what contribution he left in our country. As a Filipino, we are proud because Dr. Jose Rizal gives all of us inspiration in all the things we do. This term paper will illustrate what his many-sided personalities are, as a physician, poet, novelist, essayist, dramatist, historian, sculptor, architect, musician, linguist, bibliophile, translator, educator, economist, surveyor, engineer, naturalist, archeologist, philologist, inventor, sportsman, magician and prophet. We can say that he is an excellent, talented, and yet a very humble man. He truly was a man of action, he did not only looked over the people nor just tell people what to do, he helped them in their everyday work. Dr. Jose Rizal is our hero, our inspiration, our lesson of the past that we should be a man for our country. The main purpose of this paper is to know about the heroism of Dr. Jose Rizal and present his life, works, and writing in an interesting manner. We’ll find out who are the nine women linked to him and what are the challenges he encounter while he was in exile in Dapitan.

Whos Discussing Architecture Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried

Who's Discussing Architecture Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried Be certain to discuss how it is possible to adjust plans quickly and when you should adjust them. The undertaking will be biographical and talk about his work. Architecture is composed of distinct concepts that help skilled individuals build and make works of art appropriate for living and working in. An architecture student should learn to use CADD or computer aided design and drafting programs because that's how architects are developing their designs presently a days. You need your work to stick out by showing your personal passion and intelligence concerning the topic. You may want to recognize an issue or question that has not yet been solved also. Figure out if someone else has already completed something related to the topic you've selected. Your topic should be something which could be easily managed given your location and the resources you've got available. The Downside Risk of Architectur e Essay Topics When you start working on your essay, you must note you need to begin with the introduction. A little idea to make your essay stick out from the rest is to place in your original thoughts into the essay, rather than simply referring to your research materials. If you make your essay correctly, it will leave readers with a durable impression. The next step of the way to earn a persuasive essay or any other sort of academic is continuing on to the the driving age shouldn't be raised essay statement. Best for students who must write Jane Eyre essays. It's really great to locate an author with similar writing style to yours, which means that your teacher won't ever understand who wrote it. Your search for the very best academic essay writing assistance on the internet is over. There are many subjects involving architecture you're sure to find one which interests you and you can write a great report on. 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Oroonoko - 1235 Words

Is Life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death Patrick Henry. Throughout the years, man insisted on inflecting injustice and oppression on the vulnerable and weak. The desire of man to dominate and control is continuous. In this novel the author illustrates a side of the injustice inflected on the world. Oroonoko is a short novel written by English author Aphra Behn. Aphra Behn s novel Oroonoko is one of the earliest forms of literature that sheds the light on the matter of slavery taking many shapes throughout the novel. Oroonoko, a prince taking part in the trafficking of slaves†¦show more content†¦They are kept in order by savage force and threats of whipping and punishment, as the slaves arrive they are given different clothes and different names, when Oroonoko arrived he was given a brown holland suit and renamed Ca esar by Trefry. Behn s reason for the renaming of the slaves is that their native names are barbarous and difficult to pronounce. In Oroonoko, Aphra Behn denounces colonialism; she exhibits the relevance between colonialism and slavery. Slavery was one of the main tactics of colonialism; Britain was in great need of colonies in the 17th century that could supply it with commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and markets for its manufactured goods that in return enriched the British economy and made it more productive. Behn reprobates this tyranny towards the black people as being an inhuman act. In the novel, death is shown to be more preferable than slavery. Oroonoko realizing the deception of the white men, and his enslavement will go on neither for weeks nor days but for years. Oroonoko decides to step up against this vile crime committed against him and his beloved wife Imoinda, he made his decision to flee from the plantation and gain his freedom once again, convincing the rest to join him in his attempt, though this march did not last long, the militia was sent to besought the slaves, and once more Oroonoko was enslaved and severely whipped and pepper was poured into his wounds. Oroonoko chooses death for him and Imoinda,Show MoreRelatedOroonoko, By Aphra Behn Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesessay is â€Å"Oroonoko† by Aphra Behn. This narrative could be viewed in many different ways. One way it can be seen is as a biography, another is a memoir, but it can also be seen as a travel narrative. In this essay I will touch base on the topics of switching power. By switching power I mean how different individual’s power fluctuates within situations in the novel. Aphra Behn and Oroonoko are able to exceed the way they are viewed. Behn is both the narrator and the author and Oroonoko is the princeRead MoreOroonoko and Gullivers Travels Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesOroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels By Melissa Eason Mrs. Sarbani Bose Eng 232-69 February 18, 2011 Oroonoko and Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels and Oroonoko shatter the myth that European culture was more civilized than â€Å"newly discovered† savage countries. The most prominent examples in Oroonoko are their treatment of the slaves and how they are punished. In Gulliver’s Travels the evidence revolves around how petty, destructive, illogical, and unreasonable human beings act. 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It is not fully understood whether when Behn refers to being â€Å"a female pen† she does so in a sarcastic way or with a deeper meaning, giving a double sense to her story. That although she writes about a male cha racter, she decides to write and exalt those partsRead MoreThe Narrative Style of Aphra Behns Oroonoko Essay703 Words   |  3 Pages Oroonoko is an intriguing and epic story of a young African prince who gets tricked into becoming a slave for a workers plantation written by the first professional woman author, Aphra Behn. As the story is told by the narrator (who the reader will presume to be the author Aphra Behn) the reader gets a sense of a first hand perspective from the narrator. This allows the reader to only get a perspective from the narrators point of view. 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This critique comes through mainly in less directRead More Aphra Behns Oroonoko as the First Modern Novel Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof Behn, All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds.   Although she was a woman of outstanding accomplishments, one of her publications truly glistens.   Oroonoko (1688), the epic tale of a heroic black slave, has often been dubbed the first modern novel in that it displays qualities utterly matchless for the seventeenth century.    Although one may not realize it, several aspects work harmoniouslyRead MoreVirtue in Oroonoko (The Royal Slave) by Aphra Behn Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe story, Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave, written by Aphra Behn, depicts the main character, Oroonoko, as being an African prince that lives among his people, whom all abide by a code of virtue and fidelity. When Oroonoko is faced with a dilemma in his own country and living among a â€Å"civilized† white society, that are devout Christians, he is confronted with the burden to uphold his code of virtue and maintain a title of being a â€Å"Noble Savage† by means of loyalty, religious beliefs, and honor. OroonokoRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano s `` Oroonoko, And The Royal Slave `` And Olaudah1781 Words   |  8 Pagesfamous and well known slave narratives that give the modern day reader just an idea of what slavery was like are, Aphra Behn’s â€Å"Oroonoko, or, The Royal Slave† and Olaudah Equiano’s â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano†. The journey of these two young men, although in many ways are similar, from a larger perspective could not be more different. For Oroonoko a somewhat established young man who comes from royalty, optimizes what it means to be a noble savage. As for a young EquianoRead MoreImoindas Modernity: Aphra Behns Enactment of Conjugal Marriage in Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave3146 Words   |  13 PagesIMOINDA’S MODERNITY: APHRA BEHN’S ENACTMENT OF CONJUGAL MARRIAGE IN OROONOKO, OR THE ROYAL SLAVE Aphra Behn depicts Imoinda, the object of the prince’s love in Oroonoko, Or The Royal Slave (1688), as exotic in her person, potent in her sexuality, but highly conventional in her domestic aspirations. While she has only limited ownership of her body, she operates within the limits of her status to secure the love of Prince Oroonoko, and then to defend their union, even at great risk to herself, and